Abstract Espionage remains arguably one of the most contentious and least regulated aspect of international relations. Despite being a common practice among states, especially in the contemporary age of sophisticated technology and global interconn…

Introduction The book provides a comprehensive idea of the interaction between imperialism, sovereignty and international law. The book primarily highlights the idea that international law has its roots in colonialism and imperialism. Internation…

Carl Schmitt (1888-1985) is perhaps one of the most controversial figures in jurisprudence due to his ideas on sovereignty, democracy, and the law, which are contradictory to modern democratic ideas on those topics.  As problematic as his idea…

Introduction Nepal is a socially diverse country, characterized by diversity in caste, gender, ethnicity, class, religion, geography, and language. The Constitution of Nepal, 2015, guarantees equality, social justice, and inclusion. However, the …

General Concept of Emergency The concept of Emergency refers to the effect on National Security, Sovereignty, war, armed conflict, and various dimensions of the government which obstruct the smooth functioning of the governmental organs. The econ…

The Prosecutor v. The case of Jean-Paul Akayesu remains one of the most critical events in the process of establishing international criminal law since it was the first time a worldwide tribunal pronounced a guilty judgment in the crime of genocide.…

Nepal is a diverse nation with over 60 ethnic communities, many of whom are Indigenous. These communities have maintained unique cultures, traditions, and relationships with nature for centuries. But as development projects expand, particularly in h…

Introduction  In early 2025, Nepal found itself to be an unintended stage for a transnational human rights crisis, one which not only jeopardizes individual liberties but also raises skepticism on Nepal’s constitutional order and its sta…

Abstract International Humanitarian Law (IHL) or the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC), under the domain of public international law, consists of the rules and regulations of war/armed conflict applicable during an armed conflict, either of national or …